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Egg freezing, also known as oocyte cryopreservation, is a process in which a woman’s eggs are extracted, frozen, and stored for future use. This is often done for women who wish to preserve their fertility due to medical reasons, such as cancer treatment, or for social reasons, such as delaying childbearing until later in life.
The eggs can be thawed and fertilised with sperm using intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection to create embryos which can then be transferred into the uterus for a pregnancy.
Egg freezing is an option for women who are not ready to have children but want to preserve their fertility for the future.
Ovulation tracking is a method used to identify the most fertile days of a woman’s menstrual cycle. It involves monitoring and recording changes in the body’s hormonal levels, basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and other physical symptoms to determine when ovulation occurs.
This method is commonly used by couples who are trying to conceive and can also be utilized for family planning and natural birth control. There are various tools and techniques available for ovulation tracking, including fertility apps, ovulation predictor kits, and menstrual cycle charts.
Ovulation induction is a type of fertility treatment that stimulates the ovaries to produce and release an egg during a woman’s menstrual cycle. This treatment is commonly used for women who have irregular ovulation, hormonal imbalances, or other conditions that affect their ability to conceive.
Ovulation induction can be achieved through the use of medications such as Letrozole or gonadotropins, which stimulate the production and release of eggs from the ovaries. The process is usually monitored closely with ultrasounds and blood tests to determine the timing of ovulation and track the growth of follicles in the ovaries.
IVF (In vitro fertilization) is a medical procedure used to help people who are struggling with infertility. IVF involves retrieving mature eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory dish.
After fertilization, the embryos are then transferred into the woman’s uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is typically recommended after other fertility treatments have failed or if the cause of infertility cannot be treated with medication or surgery.
IVF may also be used in cases where one or both partners have fertility issues, same-sex couples or single individuals who want to have a child.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in which a single healthy sperm cell is directly injected into a mature egg cell to fertilise it.
This technique is typically used in cases of male infertility or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) when other methods of fertilisation have failed.
Pre-genetic diagnosis and pre-genetic screening are two different techniques used in reproductive medicine to detect genetic abnormalities or mutations in embryos.
Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is a technique that allows us to check that the chromosomes of an embryo are normal, prior to transfer of the embryo into the uterus. Embryos are created using IVF and grown to day 5 where a skilled embryologist will biopsy some cells from the embryo for testing. The embryo will need to be frozen whilst awaiting the result.
A chromosomal anomaly is one the most common cause of miscarriage and becomes increasingly more common with increasing maternal age. Some common conditions that can result in abnormal chromosome number include Down Syndrome, Turners Syndrome or Edwards Syndrome.
Pre-genetic diagnosis is a technique where embryos are tested for certain genetic disorders before they are implanted in the uterus. This technique is usually used if one or both parents carry a known genetic disorder that could be passed on to their children.
The procedure involves taking a small sample of cells from the embryo and analyzing it for specific genetic abnormalities. The embryos with normal genetic makeup are then selected for transfer.
Oncofertility is a field of medicine that combines oncology and reproductive endocrinology to help cancer patients preserve their fertility before undergoing treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery, which may damage or destroy their reproductive organs, eggs or sperm.
Oncofertility options include cryopreservation of eggs, ovarian tissue or sperm, use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs or fertility-sparing surgeries. Oncofertility also involves counselling patients about their fertility options and the risks and benefits of different procedures.
Testicular sperm retrieval (also known as Testicular Sperm Extraction or TESE) is a surgical procedure used to collect sperm from the testicles of men who have a blockage in their reproductive system or who have no sperm in their ejaculate.
This procedure can be performed with either local or general anaesthetic.
Fertility surgery is a medical procedure that can help couples who are struggling to conceive. Common procedures can include excision of endometriosis, removal of uterine polyps or fibroids and removal of pelvic of uterine adhesions.
The primary objective of fertility surgery is to increase the chances of conception by boosting the natural fertility of an individual or improving their chance of access with assisted reproductive technologies.
This fertility treatment involves injection of sperm directly into the uterus during ovulation to increase the chances of pregnancy. This treatment is minimally invasive and can increase the chance of conception in selected cases such as unexplained infertility or male factor infertility.
Donor programs allow for individuals or couples to achieve a pregnancy and create their intended family. Donor programs are engaged by single individuals, same sex couples or couples who have a medical indication for utilising either a sperm, egg or embryo donation. Donor programs can either be 'known' or 'unknown'. A known donor is an individual who has a direct relationship with the patient i.e. a friend or family member. An unknown donor is a donor obtained from a registered donor bank.
In Australia, donor programs must adhere to specific legal requirements that are governed by state and federal legislation. This includes but is not limited to mandatory counselling, genetic screening as well as medical and infective screening for both recipient and donor. Donation in Australia must be altruistic and must consent to being part of the donor registry.
Surrogacy is whereby a woman carries a pregnancy for another woman or couple. It may be conducted either because a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy for medical reasons, or for a same sex couple.
There are many legal, medical, financial and emotional issues to contemplate when considering surrogacy, each unique case will be reviewed. Some overarching principles relating to surrogacy include that all parties involved undergo implications counselling, have a documented legal agreement and independent legal advice, a court process is undertaken for transfer of the child to the intended parents agent birth and that all surrogates must act altruistically. There is also a series of medical investigations that both the intended parents and surrogate will need to undertake.
Dr Danielle Robson, Fertility Specialist, consults at three locations across Sydney: the CBD, Chatswood, and Manly. A referral from a General Practitioner is required for all initial appointments.
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Danielle is a fertility specialist and gynaecologist with an interest in fertility preservation, premature ovarian insufficiency, and menopause management. She is a Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and a sub-specialist in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility.
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